<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351</id><updated>2012-02-23T06:57:57.470-08:00</updated><category term='concret-abstrait'/><title type='text'>Architecture et dynamique organisationnelles</title><subtitle type='html'>Blogue professionnel d'Albert LEJEUNE, professeur ESG-UQAM et étudiant au doctorat en informatique cognitive (DIC - UQAM)</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>19</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-8688458946405389124</id><published>2012-02-23T06:57:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-23T06:57:57.479-08:00</updated><title type='text'>From business model to the theory of the business</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-ansi-language:FR;}&lt;/style&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Empn9Tz0jnU/T0ZTuL8uVzI/AAAAAAAABlU/D0QClbD7gxc/s1600/IMG_1003.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Empn9Tz0jnU/T0ZTuL8uVzI/AAAAAAAABlU/D0QClbD7gxc/s320/IMG_1003.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;The businessmodel is traditionally understood as being the architecture of the firm and itspartner network, created to market and deliver value and relationship capitaland to generate revenue streams and profits (Osterwalder, 2004). The revenuestreams and profits as well as the generated value must be computable.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;Literature in strategicmanagement rarely deals with the design of business models (Zott and Amit,2010). Yet the business model defines a new unit of analysis involving aholistic (Zott, Amit and Massa, 2011) view of a system of activities that canbe specified through the notions of content and structure.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;The integration of sustainability requirements of the business modelshas been the object of only one publication (Stubbs, W. and C. Cocklin, 2008)while many publications describe the practices of sustainability in managementbut remain focused - through sustainable development concept – on ethics andsocial responsibility (Bansal and Roth, 2000).&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;Kilov (2002: 1) recalls that « Models are created andused for &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;understanding&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;To achieve that, the modelers togetherwith the stakeholders pick and choose those things, actions, and relationshipsamong them that are of interest to the stakeholders.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A model includes only the essential characteristics of themodeled world and suppresses everything else. »&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;In that sense, business models are schema for understandinghow a network of cooperating organizations creates and captures value fromtechnological innovation (Chesbrough, 2006).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"&gt;Infact, there is a continuum between business model and theory of the businessthe same way as model and theories are connected in social research.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Following Van de Ven (2007), models arepartial representations of theories but do not simply represent operationalversions of a theory (Page 143).&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;They serve as mediators between theories and data, or between theory andthe world.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A research model is aninstrument for linking theory with data in terms of function, representationand learning. &lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Following Teece(2010: Page 173), a business model, if it is not a spreadsheet or computermodel it «&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;might well become embedded in abusiness plan and in income statements and cash flow projections. But, clearly,the notion refers in the first instance to a conceptual, rather than afinancial, model of a business&lt;/i&gt;». For Teece (2010), a business model isnothing less than the organizational and financial ‘architecture’ of abusiness.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;From a conceptual point of view, the business model isa cognitive system whose components interact with other components of theorganizational context.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;For Tikkanenet al. (2005): « By the cognitive aspects of a business model, we refer to thesystematic meaning structures or the belief system of a company.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The belief system is seen as the driverof decision-making and, subsequently, action.» &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oqpGMUsouzI/T0ZTjFmWwaI/AAAAAAAABlM/cuhAJ2xzVpE/s1600/DSC_0193.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="214" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oqpGMUsouzI/T0ZTjFmWwaI/AAAAAAAABlM/cuhAJ2xzVpE/s320/DSC_0193.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt;Greeninnovations come from the introduction of the sustainability in a businessmodel.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;The involved designactivity will happen in an organizational context, a social space ofrepresentation where a business theory has to be tested.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As mentioned earlier, t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;he theory of the firm mustbe continuously tested (Drucker, 1994). &lt;i&gt;The theory of the business -&lt;/i&gt; onethat is successful &lt;i&gt;- is a hypothesis.&lt;/i&gt; A valid theory that is clear,consistent and focused is extremely powerful.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-8688458946405389124?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/8688458946405389124/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2012/02/from-business-model-to-theory-of.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/8688458946405389124'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/8688458946405389124'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2012/02/from-business-model-to-theory-of.html' title='From business model to the theory of the business'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Empn9Tz0jnU/T0ZTuL8uVzI/AAAAAAAABlU/D0QClbD7gxc/s72-c/IMG_1003.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-8306669295100244199</id><published>2012-02-12T19:47:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-12T19:49:06.165-08:00</updated><title type='text'>When organizations become more sensitive to environmental issues, are they deploying corporate architectures for STRONG sustainability? What are those architectures?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Fg-pnQUbbfY/TziHlmzlRzI/AAAAAAAABlA/bEzoAmU4gao/s1600/Import+du+10+octobre+2011+046.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="239" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Fg-pnQUbbfY/TziHlmzlRzI/AAAAAAAABlA/bEzoAmU4gao/s320/Import+du+10+octobre+2011+046.JPG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Griffiths and Petrick (2001) answer that they are (1) architectures that capture and use ecological information for strategic purpose, (2) architectures that incorporate employee knowledge for strategic purposes and (3) and architectures for rapid response to sustainability opportunities and threats. The Griffiths and Petrick’s (2001) answer is right on the way to reach a definition of a green organizational architecture. But are those architectures expressing a strong sustainability approach?&lt;br /&gt;In fact, following Roome (2012), most of sustainability practices are mainly weak sustainability approaches.&amp;nbsp; Roome (2012: P.620) defines weak sustainability so that: «Weak sustainability sets out to bring environmental concerns into the framework provided by the structures and systems of business».&amp;nbsp; Weak sustainability characterized more the period of ‘corporate environmental management’ which is for Bansal and Hoffman (2012) the first wave of environmental issues in business management; the two others being ‘corporate environmentalism as strategic management’ and the third, ‘corporate environmentalism as sustainability’.&amp;nbsp; Within the last wave some enterprises or organizations embrace strong sustainability: «Strong sustainability seeks to integrate the company into environmental or socio-ecological systems, so that the patterns of production and consumption to which the company contributes are within the capacity of the Planet to sustain» (Roome, 2012: P. 621).&amp;nbsp; Thus the question of weak/strong sustainability asks for a revaluation of the sparse contributions to a green organizational architecture: are corporate architectures for sustainability proposed by Griffiths and Petrick (2001) fitting the strong sustainability attitude?&amp;nbsp;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-8306669295100244199?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/8306669295100244199/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2012/02/when-organizations-become-more.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/8306669295100244199'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/8306669295100244199'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2012/02/when-organizations-become-more.html' title='When organizations become more sensitive to environmental issues, are they deploying corporate architectures for STRONG sustainability? What are those architectures?'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Fg-pnQUbbfY/TziHlmzlRzI/AAAAAAAABlA/bEzoAmU4gao/s72-c/Import+du+10+octobre+2011+046.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-4485573113092463238</id><published>2012-02-07T20:05:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-07T20:10:44.606-08:00</updated><title type='text'>From the task environment to the eco environment</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lS8T31PIFJ8/TzH1snBzoqI/AAAAAAAABk4/ooPtAKq0ppE/s1600/EL+CAMINO+2011+ALBERT+1106.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lS8T31PIFJ8/TzH1snBzoqI/AAAAAAAABk4/ooPtAKq0ppE/s320/EL+CAMINO+2011+ALBERT+1106.JPG" width="240" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Three families of assumptions (about the business environment, the company's mission and core competencies) must be constantly validated with reality to form the business logic. A valid theory that is clear, consistent and focused is extremely powerful. But today the concept of environment - and the assumptions logically related - is deeply modified to exceed the traditional notion of the task or competitive environment and make room for the notion of biosphere and eco-environment. &lt;br /&gt;Thus, for Passet (2010), humanity passes from the environment that "surrounds" to the biosphere that "includes". Thanks to Club of Rome (1972), humanity becomes aware of damage inflicted on nature: overexploitation of particular resources and degradation of particular communities. The environmental policy is then a series of ad hoc measures. But in the 1980s, appears the so-called "global" violence to Nature. For example, the phenomenon of climate change poses insoluble challenges to policy makers. &lt;br /&gt;In 1987, after de Jouvenel (1957), Boulding (1966), Georgescu-Roegen (1971), and Passet (1979), the Brundtland Report defines sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Recently, the GEO-4 report, released in late 2007 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), specifies the nature of problems and opportunities brought to humanity. The whole world lives above its means, "The human population is now so large that the amount of resources needed to sustain it exceeds the available resources. / ... / The ecological footprint of humanity - that is to say, the environmental requirements - is 31.9 hectares / person, whereas the biological capacity of the Earth is on average only 15, 7 hectares / person "(quoted from Passet, 2010). &lt;br /&gt;Resulting from this global awareness are new opportunities and new constraints for public or private organizations. The world is facing a new international architecture (Tirolle, 2009). The carbon market can provide opportunities for profits, new regulatory approaches affect business decisions and ‘green’ or SOI for sustainability-oriented innovation (Klewitz and Hansen, 2011) becomes a new source of competitive advantage.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-4485573113092463238?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/4485573113092463238/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2012/02/from-task-environment-to-eco.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/4485573113092463238'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/4485573113092463238'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2012/02/from-task-environment-to-eco.html' title='From the task environment to the eco environment'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lS8T31PIFJ8/TzH1snBzoqI/AAAAAAAABk4/ooPtAKq0ppE/s72-c/EL+CAMINO+2011+ALBERT+1106.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-5299293625039772705</id><published>2012-01-09T19:58:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-09T20:04:58.508-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Green Organizational Architecture: What Could It Be?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gRSrFjy2IPo/Twu288uu4nI/AAAAAAAABkg/laCwhefs1ZU/s1600/Paysage+Theize.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="164" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gRSrFjy2IPo/Twu288uu4nI/AAAAAAAABkg/laCwhefs1ZU/s320/Paysage+Theize.PNG" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;The lack of interest in management science in general and in the discipline of information systems (MIS) in particular on the topic of sustainability is remarkable. Melville (2010) notes only one reference linking IS and sustainability before he even puts out a research agenda in this direction. Even more remarkable is the ignorance of the issue of sustainability shown by the discipline of enterprise architecture. The issue of designing a company guided by the principles of sustainability is not on the agenda. Except for some papers on corporate change (since Shrivastava and Hart, 1995), this is more a concern of bloggers or Open Source communities. Yet the issue of sustainability in its three environmental, social and economic components exists. Companies face new challenges as illustrated in repeated conferences on the challenges of climate change, sustainable development laws, new reporting practices and the emergence of the carbon market. Innovative firms turned these challenges into opportunities, e.z. General Electric with its new Ecomagination division.&lt;br /&gt;But how to influence managers’ thinking toward sustainability when they build an organizational architecture?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This question resonates with &lt;a href="http://sustainabilityframework.org/"&gt;FISDev &lt;/a&gt;(see http://sustainabilityframework.org/) and other approaches such as open innovation (Chesbrough, 2003). FISDev (Framework for Integrated Sustainable Development), is a collaborative tool for addressing sustainable development. The purpose of FISDev is to provide an architecture that organizations can implement to introduce best practices of sustainability in their methodologies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ref: Melville, N.P., 2010. Information systems innovation for environmental sustainability. MIS Q., 34(1), p.1–21. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id="goog_1376528331"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="goog_1376528332"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-5299293625039772705?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/5299293625039772705/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2012/01/green-organizational-architecture-what.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/5299293625039772705'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/5299293625039772705'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2012/01/green-organizational-architecture-what.html' title='Green Organizational Architecture: What Could It Be?'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gRSrFjy2IPo/Twu288uu4nI/AAAAAAAABkg/laCwhefs1ZU/s72-c/Paysage+Theize.PNG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-7411594704466649716</id><published>2011-11-30T17:46:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-30T19:55:18.055-08:00</updated><title type='text'>À l'intérieur, on ne voit rien!</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;object class="BLOGGER-youtube-video" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0" data-thumbnail-src="http://i.ytimg.com/vi/v7nm6oxT9tU/0.jpg" height="266" width="320"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/v7nm6oxT9tU?version=3&amp;f=user_uploads&amp;c=google-webdrive-0&amp;app=youtube_gdata" /&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF" /&gt;&lt;embed width="320" height="266"  src="http://www.youtube.com/v/v7nm6oxT9tU?version=3&amp;f=user_uploads&amp;c=google-webdrive-0&amp;app=youtube_gdata" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Extrait du séminaire ISC 9000 'Hypercomputation' des professeurs Jean-Guy Meunier et Étienne Harnad, le 29 novembre 2011 (UQAM - ISC)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-7411594704466649716?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/7411594704466649716/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/11/on-ne-voit-rien-linterieur.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/7411594704466649716'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/7411594704466649716'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/11/on-ne-voit-rien-linterieur.html' title='À l&apos;intérieur, on ne voit rien!'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-3770513675081406672</id><published>2011-11-17T07:34:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-17T07:45:29.292-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Jamais personne ne saura si je pense!</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-y_CYMndXdDw/TsUr345kAcI/AAAAAAAABgs/NTfgA9NhN60/s1600/owl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-y_CYMndXdDw/TsUr345kAcI/AAAAAAAABgs/NTfgA9NhN60/s1600/owl.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Retour sur Church-Turing: tout ce qui estanalogue peut être simulé en numérique. Cependant, le potentiel d'action desneurones n'est pas seulement du transport d'informations mais un processussensori-moteur qui fait de la &lt;i&gt;cognition&lt;/i&gt; et qui fait en sorte que &lt;i&gt;lacognition soit plus que la computation&lt;/i&gt;! &amp;nbsp;Ces processus de potentield’action sont des cadrans solaires en soi (càd des systèmes dynamiques)! &amp;nbsp;Et,attention! Le test de Turing (TT) n'est pas de la simulation mais de la &lt;i&gt;génération&lt;/i&gt;de capacités humaines. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;L'ancrage des symboles implique la présence d'unsystème sensori-moteur. &amp;nbsp;Avec TT3, le lien est présumé sans qu'on enconnaisse les moyens... Il faut que les symboles soient conformes aux aspectsdu système sensori-moteur. Quand il y a transduction, je reçois des &lt;i&gt;formes&lt;/i&gt;et je dois les &lt;i&gt;classer&lt;/i&gt;! S'il y a&lt;i&gt; transduction, &lt;/i&gt;il ne peut y avoirque&lt;i&gt; computation&lt;/i&gt;. &amp;nbsp;Mais alors, comment le cerveau travaille-t-il?&amp;nbsp;De façon analogue avec des mécanismes et de façon numérique avec desalgorithmes – en même temps. En science de la cognition, on veut un système quiest capable de tout faire, &lt;i&gt;TT représente tout ce que je peux faire&lt;/i&gt;. Onpasse TT, c'est un &lt;i&gt;fait&lt;/i&gt;! &amp;nbsp;Est-ce que pour autant la machine pense?Non, car pas besoin d'un jugement extérieur pour savoir ce que je pense et sije pense... Jamais personne ne saura si je pense!&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Résumé d'un échange au séminaire ISC9000 (Meunier et Harnad, professeurs), le 18 octobre 2011&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-3770513675081406672?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/3770513675081406672/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/11/jamais-personne-ne-saura-si-je-pense.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/3770513675081406672'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/3770513675081406672'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/11/jamais-personne-ne-saura-si-je-pense.html' title='Jamais personne ne saura si je pense!'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-y_CYMndXdDw/TsUr345kAcI/AAAAAAAABgs/NTfgA9NhN60/s72-c/owl.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-242259495913775756</id><published>2011-11-16T21:18:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-16T21:24:27.609-08:00</updated><title type='text'>La sémantique: un sentiment et un système dynamique</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cFz949rkHH8/TsSafotVbUI/AAAAAAAABfw/7ZXKY4gSXcY/s1600/cv_du-_futur-755505.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="231" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cFz949rkHH8/TsSafotVbUI/AAAAAAAABfw/7ZXKY4gSXcY/s320/cv_du-_futur-755505.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; La sémantique est ce sentiment plus ou moinsconscient que possèdent les individus quant aux significations... Quelqu’unpourrait d’ailleurs parler avec vérité d'un sentiment en allant contre ladéfinition généralement retenue. Mais Turing est pragmatique... Connaitre lesens d'un mot, c'est &lt;i&gt;savoir quoi faireavec&lt;/i&gt;! &amp;nbsp;Et la sémantique exige un système dynamique sensori-moteur.&amp;nbsp;Il y a donc une hiérarchie avec les symboles en haut, en-dessous lescatégories et enfin les icônes représentationnelles. La syntaxique est axée surles symboles plutôt que sur le sens... Même si quand on pense, on donne unsens, une sémantique aux symboles alors que c'est interdit de le faire dans lapreuve (en mathématique). &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;La liberté ultime, c'estde manipuler des symboles sans se soucier de leur ancrage (liberté deslogiciens et mathématiciens); l'ancrage des symboles est-elle une idée fausse?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Résumé d'un échange au séminaire ISC9000 (Meunier et Harnad, professeurs), le 18 octobre 2011 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-242259495913775756?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/242259495913775756/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/11/la-semantique-un-sentiment-et-un.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/242259495913775756'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/242259495913775756'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/11/la-semantique-un-sentiment-et-un.html' title='La sémantique: un sentiment et un système dynamique'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cFz949rkHH8/TsSafotVbUI/AAAAAAAABfw/7ZXKY4gSXcY/s72-c/cv_du-_futur-755505.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-7447139279726222978</id><published>2011-11-15T09:35:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-15T09:42:41.954-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Sens, computation... compréhension</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pJkuEi5n_L0/TsKjkhxBZ1I/AAAAAAAABfo/KPKwkg4JAI4/s1600/dechet_ordinateur_d3e.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="213" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pJkuEi5n_L0/TsKjkhxBZ1I/AAAAAAAABfo/KPKwkg4JAI4/s320/dechet_ordinateur_d3e.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Le sens, c'est le moyen de choisir des référents.Ce moyen se loge dans le cerveau et implique le recours à l'esprit. Lecomputationnalisme manipule des symboles mais il les manipule selon leur &lt;i&gt;forme&lt;/i&gt;;il n'y a donc pas de signification, de sens à ce niveau. Pour lescomputationnalistes ou les cognitivistes, la cognition consiste dans lamanipulation des symboles, pour eux, la cognition équivaut donc a de lacomputation... C'est quand même mieux que les béhavioristes qui niaient lathéorie, n'étaient même pas empiriques et expliquaient le mouvement des ballesde billard par l'historique de leurs contacts.... On n'arrive pas ainsi à(re)découvrir les lois de Newton! &amp;nbsp;Au contraire, les computationnalistesen IA veulent générer du comportement avec une &lt;i&gt;explication&lt;/i&gt; de commentcela se fait! Le test de Turing (1950) est ainsi une épreuve empirique des capacités béhaviorales...C'est un candidat dont on sait le mécanisme et dont on cherche - avec lesmoyens mis en œuvre - à générer le comportement… et en plus on demande au jugehumain s'il fait la distinction (selon les versions verbales ou robotique)entre homme et machine. Dans la version verbale, la génération est purementcomputationnelle... Même en chinois! &amp;nbsp;On peut ajouter - à cause d'un pointfaible de la computation - qu'elle est indépendante de son implémentation ...Les précisions matérielles ne sont pas nécessaires ! Searle dira auxcomputationnalistes: «Vous avez généré le succès avec le test de Turing, maispas la &lt;i&gt;compréhension&lt;/i&gt; ... Je vous dis qu'il y a autre chose que lacomputation.»&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Résumé d'un échange au séminaire du DIC portant sur l'hypercomputation (Meunier - Harnad, professeurs), le 18 octobre 2011 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-7447139279726222978?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/7447139279726222978/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/11/sens-computation-comprehension.html#comment-form' title='1 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/7447139279726222978'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/7447139279726222978'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/11/sens-computation-comprehension.html' title='Sens, computation... compréhension'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pJkuEi5n_L0/TsKjkhxBZ1I/AAAAAAAABfo/KPKwkg4JAI4/s72-c/dechet_ordinateur_d3e.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-6350108296897160413</id><published>2011-10-25T17:58:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-25T18:00:22.190-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Turing 1950: de l'Imitation Game au Generation Game</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-q9JvS8YzT84/Tqda1ZdpvMI/AAAAAAAABfE/BXm4M5_0ERY/s1600/mind.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-q9JvS8YzT84/Tqda1ZdpvMI/AAAAAAAABfE/BXm4M5_0ERY/s1600/mind.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Dans son article de 1950, Turing relève le défi scientifiquede modéliser une idée. &amp;nbsp;En fait, dans le jeu de l'imitation, on n'est paslà pour deviner &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;où&lt;/i&gt; est la machinemais pour &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;modéliser une idée&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;Bien sûr, au cœur de l'expérience, la machine est une machine numériquequi &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;compute&lt;/i&gt;. &amp;nbsp;Mais à l'extérieurde la machine, la conversation est ouverte et Turing poursuit une approched'empirisme cognitif. Il s'engage sur le chemin de la rétroingénierie en sedemandant&amp;nbsp;: comment un homme réalise-t-il une tâche? &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Pouvons-nous - à l'aide d'une machine - reproduire cette tâche?&amp;nbsp;La notion d'apprentissage est centrale dans cette démarche. Toute machinenumérique est conforme à la thèse de Turing... Mais aussi tous les systèmes physiquesle sont à une approximation près (ex: le cadran solaire est simulable&lt;i&gt;computationnellement&lt;/i&gt;). Turing nous invite donc à pratiquer des allers-retoursentre le monde interne de la machine numérique et le monde externe de laconversation, en cherchant des choses que l'homme peut faire. &amp;nbsp;Le TT (&lt;i&gt;Turing Test&lt;/i&gt;) estainsi une tâche externe de communication verbale ou robotique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Le TT n'est pas non plus étranger à la complexité et auxsystèmes dynamiques. &amp;nbsp;En effet, le dynamisme doit être là pour implanterla &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;computabilité&lt;/i&gt;, mais ce dynamismeest non-pertinent ou non-essentiel au TT... Alors que le dynamisme est &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;tout&lt;/i&gt; pour le cadran solaire. Avec le TT,nous devons comprendre que le savoir-faire d'un homme (ses capacités) est un défide performance. La rétroingénierie de Turing consiste à découvrir des capacitésalors que le paradigme de l'intelligence artificielle vise à construire dessystèmes intelligents. &amp;nbsp;L’intelligence doit se comprendre ici comme étantune capacité de performance telle que pratiquée lors d'un TT dans le cas oùl'agent est conscient (c'est du ressenti). &amp;nbsp;L'intelligence c'est de la performanceou de la cognition consciente. En conclusion, &amp;nbsp;le TT est plus un &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;Generation Game&lt;/i&gt; qu'un &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;Imitation Game&lt;/i&gt; dans le sens où il nousfait découvrir des capacités nouvelles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NXNwp7vtoBU/Tqda-AHmC2I/AAAAAAAABfM/o_lIacjUfwM/s1600/1954_turing_large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NXNwp7vtoBU/Tqda-AHmC2I/AAAAAAAABfM/o_lIacjUfwM/s320/1954_turing_large.jpg" width="254" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-6350108296897160413?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/6350108296897160413/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/10/turing-1950-de-limitation-game-au.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/6350108296897160413'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/6350108296897160413'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/10/turing-1950-de-limitation-game-au.html' title='Turing 1950: de l&apos;Imitation Game au Generation Game'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-q9JvS8YzT84/Tqda1ZdpvMI/AAAAAAAABfE/BXm4M5_0ERY/s72-c/mind.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-1554691454324073283</id><published>2011-10-17T07:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T07:51:46.628-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Techno - LOGIQUE</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CyZ7w6JflFI/Tpw9azMFuhI/AAAAAAAABe0/CERXBNDJh-0/s1600/Tbord+TGV.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="240" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CyZ7w6JflFI/Tpw9azMFuhI/AAAAAAAABe0/CERXBNDJh-0/s320/Tbord+TGV.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;Quelle est la vraie nature de la technologie?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pour Itami et Numagami (1992), la technologie est un ensemble de connaissances systématisé basé sur les principes du comportement des choses naturelles et de leurs interactions avec les choses artificielles.&amp;nbsp; C'est un système LOGIQUE qui combine ce corps de connaissances.&amp;nbsp; La technologie est donc un système LOGIQUE qui vise la satisfaction des besoins humains fondamentaux.&lt;br /&gt;Quand l'ensemble du système devient un système fermé, la technologie devient complète comme instrument.&amp;nbsp; La technologie comprend également des connaissances tacites comme certaines croyances à propos de relations causales.&amp;nbsp; Comme système logique, la technologie porte en elle une tendance vers la perfection et la systématisation.&amp;nbsp; Elle est cependant différente de la science car si la science peut demeurer dans le monde abstrait, la technologie doit produire des choses utilisables par des personnes.&lt;br /&gt;L'extrant de la science est de l'information, l'extrant de la technologie est de l'information incorporée dans des produits ou des services disponibles pour la société.&amp;nbsp; Les scientifiques se soucient de la connaissnce pour la connaissance, les technologues se soucient de leur contribution à la vie humaine et au développement des marchés.&lt;br /&gt;Question: Si le management est une technologie invisible, en quoi est-il un système logique?? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lire Itami, H. et Numagami, T. (1992), Dynamic Interaction between Strategy and Technology, &lt;i&gt;Strategic Management Journal&lt;/i&gt;, Vol. 13, 119-135.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-1554691454324073283?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/1554691454324073283/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/10/techno-logique.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/1554691454324073283'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/1554691454324073283'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/10/techno-logique.html' title='Techno - LOGIQUE'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CyZ7w6JflFI/Tpw9azMFuhI/AAAAAAAABe0/CERXBNDJh-0/s72-c/Tbord+TGV.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-4695629049465876674</id><published>2011-10-10T13:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-10T13:48:41.478-07:00</updated><title type='text'>BIM</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;“Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an integrated process for sharing key physical and functional characteristics digitally before it is built. With BIM, AEC (Architectural, Engineering and Construction) industry professionals can deliver projects faster and more economically while minimising environmental impacts.”&lt;div class="Corpsdetexte21" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="Corpsdetexte21" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5ejczkGz9ro/TpNZceoq6RI/AAAAAAAABeg/89jlgoM5rtU/s1600/BIM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="306" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5ejczkGz9ro/TpNZceoq6RI/AAAAAAAABeg/89jlgoM5rtU/s320/BIM.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="Corpsdetexte21" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="Corpsdetexte21" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ce que j'ai écris avec Daniel Forgues (architecte et professeur à l'ETS) à ce sujet:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="Corpsdetexte21" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="Corpsdetexte21" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Hardand soft organisational behaviours are interdependent. Appropriate softcontracts – as efficient messy talks (Dossick and Neft, 2010) - establish andmaintain social relations and promote shared ideals and beliefs that enable theeffective application of hard contracts. On the other hand, inappropriate softcontracts will terminate or undermine productive social relations necessary to enablethe effective applications of hard contracts. Conversely, appropriate hardcontracts – like the BIM deployment - help make possible the establishment oftrust and performance that, in effect, create or reinforce soft contracts.Within the organisation, this creates an atmosphere and culture in whichadditional new and beneficial hard contracts may be created and implemented.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="Corpsdetexte21" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="Corpsdetexte21" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"&gt;Inthe construction industry, Dossick and Neft (2010: 8-9) describe the followingpattern: a tight coupling between the flexibility of the visual representationsand the development of knowledge in the collaborative dialog.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;When the visual representations were moreflexible, such as participant sketches or mark-ups on drawings, the projectparticipants engaged in messy that was characterized by project participantsall proposing solutions and then reflecting on the ramifications of theproposed solution from the perspective of their domain expertise.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qsQBhzceaBY/TpNZ_oiP47I/AAAAAAAABek/98J62OVOGgk/s1600/autoroute.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="179" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qsQBhzceaBY/TpNZ_oiP47I/AAAAAAAABek/98J62OVOGgk/s320/autoroute.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="Corpsdetexte21" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-4695629049465876674?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/4695629049465876674/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/10/bim.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/4695629049465876674'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/4695629049465876674'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/10/bim.html' title='BIM'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5ejczkGz9ro/TpNZceoq6RI/AAAAAAAABeg/89jlgoM5rtU/s72-c/BIM.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-5164244373585736262</id><published>2011-10-10T13:06:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-10T13:06:10.914-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Et retour à l'architecture organisationnelle!</title><content type='html'>La revue McKinsey Quarterly (June 2011) publie un article intitulé: «Organizational health: The ultimate competitve advantage».&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;C'est quoi la santé organisationnelle? «Health is the ability of an organization to align, execute, and renew itself faster than the competition to sustain exceptional performance over time.»&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HzWk6oeU4Po/TpNQJ_W4Z3I/AAAAAAAABeU/34r29HNTX30/s1600/pomme+2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="318" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HzWk6oeU4Po/TpNQJ_W4Z3I/AAAAAAAABeU/34r29HNTX30/s320/pomme+2.gif" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;L'article se résume en 5 mots clés: Aspire, Assess, Architect (reshape the work environment to create healthy mind-sets), Act et Advance.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lien avec Apple, compagnie en santé par excellence? Oui... An apple a day keeps the doctor away :-)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-5164244373585736262?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/5164244373585736262/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/10/et-retour-larchitecture.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/5164244373585736262'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/5164244373585736262'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/10/et-retour-larchitecture.html' title='Et retour à l&apos;architecture organisationnelle!'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HzWk6oeU4Po/TpNQJ_W4Z3I/AAAAAAAABeU/34r29HNTX30/s72-c/pomme+2.gif' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-8034211488589248919</id><published>2011-10-10T12:52:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-10T12:53:01.607-07:00</updated><title type='text'>L'infrastructure d'une innovation : la voiture 100% électrique</title><content type='html'>Voir l'excellent dossier de La Presse: http://monvolant.cyberpresse.ca/dossiers/dossier-vehicule-electrique/201110/07/01-4455196-la-voiture-electrique-ce-quil-faut-savoir.php&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Encore une fois une innovation radicale... moteur efficace à 90% au lieu de 40%, plein dix fois moins cher, frais d'entretien divisés par deux... requiert une nouvelle infrastructure pour faire rapidement des recharges de batterie et l'entretien des voitures électriques...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-8034211488589248919?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/8034211488589248919/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/10/linfrastructure-dune-innovation-la.html#comment-form' title='1 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/8034211488589248919'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/8034211488589248919'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/10/linfrastructure-dune-innovation-la.html' title='L&apos;infrastructure d&apos;une innovation : la voiture 100% électrique'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-6022142728268900963</id><published>2011-10-10T12:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-10T12:41:59.772-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Bon Steve Jobs est mort....</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cxPBHx2GBj8/TpNJgoVjsgI/AAAAAAAABeQ/5oAcQahBqas/s1600/Steve+JOBS+1055-2011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="238" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cxPBHx2GBj8/TpNJgoVjsgI/AAAAAAAABeQ/5oAcQahBqas/s320/Steve+JOBS+1055-2011.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Je me suis seulement désintéressé de la marque quand un gars de chez Pepsi en a pris le contrôle... les prix ont monté et les innovations ont disparu.&lt;br /&gt;Sinon, j'ai eu du Apple IIe, Apple IIGS, Mac Portable (!!), MacBookPro, MAcBookAir, Iphone, Ipad...&lt;br /&gt;Comme IBM a survécu au décès de son fondateur, Apple en fera autant!!&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-6022142728268900963?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/6022142728268900963/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/10/bon-steve-jobs-est-mort.html#comment-form' title='1 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/6022142728268900963'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/6022142728268900963'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/10/bon-steve-jobs-est-mort.html' title='Bon Steve Jobs est mort....'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cxPBHx2GBj8/TpNJgoVjsgI/AAAAAAAABeQ/5oAcQahBqas/s72-c/Steve+JOBS+1055-2011.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-5438675762623901639</id><published>2011-09-15T18:20:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-15T18:32:40.430-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Cognizant 2.0 vu depuis le Ford TriMotor</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xC8HGH5pNtU/TnKaHiPr47I/AAAAAAAABd8/f2dbm2MAOjw/s1600/Ford+TriMotor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="173" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xC8HGH5pNtU/TnKaHiPr47I/AAAAAAAABd8/f2dbm2MAOjw/s320/Ford+TriMotor.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AUv-OwlAcKU/TnKbBlIBFvI/AAAAAAAABeA/6ZIEwnvNCC8/s1600/runway.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AUv-OwlAcKU/TnKbBlIBFvI/AAAAAAAABeA/6ZIEwnvNCC8/s1600/runway.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cognizant 2.0 vu depuis le Ford Tri-Motor&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Un peu comme l'ordinateur IBM360 est le premier ordinateur a avoir eu un succès commercial décisif, c'est bien un Ford, financé par Henry Ford influencé par sa fille Edsel, qui a été le premier avion de transport de passagers (avion sûr, confortable et relativement silencieux) à connaître succès commercial en Amérique du Nord.&amp;nbsp; De 1924 à 1932, il se vend par centaines et la compagnie Ford investit dans deux éléments clés de ce nouveau marché: la création d'infrastructures (pistes atterrissage, hangars, aérodromes etc.) et campagnes de publicité pour développer le marché.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;En effet, une innovation radicale (plutôt qu'incrémentale) commande le développement de nouvelles infrastructures. &amp;nbsp; Les terminaux Ipod, Iphone et Ipad utilisent le AppleStore et bientôt le ICloud; les firmes comme Cognizant qui appuient leur développement sur le partage de connaissances doivent se construire de nouvelles infrastructures numériques tel l'environnement Cognizant 2.0 décrit dans le cas de Harvard (voir &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="label"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: symbol; font-size: 10pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Cas 9-410-084 Eccles, R.G. et Davenport, T.H. (2011). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="font-size: 10pt;"&gt;Cognizant 2.0 : Embedding Community and Knowledge Into Work Processes.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Il y a dans cette infrastructure 2.0 du Hard et du Soft. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Le Hard, c'est le matériel, le logiciel et les réseaux, mais c'est aussi la décomposition formelle des processus de livraison de différents produits et services et les contrats formels qui décrivent des tâches à remplir et des relations avec des fournisseurs et sous-contractants.&amp;nbsp; Le Soft, c'est la culture de Cognizant dont les valeurs favorisent le partage de connaissance, leur description commune dans des wikis mais aussi la tenue disciplinée de blogs personnels.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Si&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt; l'innovation radicale (plutôt qu'incrémentale) commande le développement de nouvelles infrastructures, qu'en est-il du management de la firme innovatrice?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;Pour Ross et Weill (2004),&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;si les managers et les professionnels veulent innover dans une organisation, cette organisation doit posséder une fondation pour l'exécution, c'est à dire un ensemble de processus automatisables et de technologies numériques pour dégager les innovateurs des soucis des opérations quotidiennes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-5438675762623901639?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/5438675762623901639/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/09/cognizant-20-vu-depuis-le-ford-trimotor.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/5438675762623901639'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/5438675762623901639'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/09/cognizant-20-vu-depuis-le-ford-trimotor.html' title='Cognizant 2.0 vu depuis le Ford TriMotor'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xC8HGH5pNtU/TnKaHiPr47I/AAAAAAAABd8/f2dbm2MAOjw/s72-c/Ford+TriMotor.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-8716850991125859218</id><published>2011-08-30T19:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-02T06:11:38.747-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='concret-abstrait'/><title type='text'>Comment enseigner les notions d'architecture organisationnelle?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_IXl1LTIwl8/Tl2i6umT6tI/AAAAAAAABds/LR_5fVQ9OJ4/s1600/concret+abstrait.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="352" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_IXl1LTIwl8/Tl2i6umT6tI/AAAAAAAABds/LR_5fVQ9OJ4/s640/concret+abstrait.png" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Deux grands défis attendent les personnes qui s'intéressent à la modélisation organisationnelle: les aller-retour entre le concret de la vie organisationnelle et l’abstrait de sa représentation d'une part, et l'acquisition d'une approche qui soit plus dynamique que statique afin de prendre en compte la complexité de la vie organisationnelle et le phénomène d'émergence des caractéristiques organisationnelles souhaitables telles que : innovation (radicale), agilité, qualité etc., d'autre part.&lt;br /&gt;Des professeurs de mathématique américains se sont posé la question de l'enseignement de l'arithmétique à de jeunes enfants.&amp;nbsp; Ils proposent le dessin en couleurs comme étant une étape intermédiaire entre le concret - des blocs à additionner - et l'abstrait de la représentation en fractions.&lt;br /&gt;Cela pose la question de définir ce qui est vraiment concret dans une organisation comme l'espace construit, les personnes, l'équipement etc.. de ce qui est abstrait comme un modèle numérique de l'espace construit.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-8716850991125859218?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/8716850991125859218/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/08/comment-enseigner-les-notions.html#comment-form' title='1 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/8716850991125859218'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/8716850991125859218'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/08/comment-enseigner-les-notions.html' title='Comment enseigner les notions d&apos;architecture organisationnelle?'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_IXl1LTIwl8/Tl2i6umT6tI/AAAAAAAABds/LR_5fVQ9OJ4/s72-c/concret+abstrait.png' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-1732536764573183004</id><published>2011-08-29T07:18:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-29T19:45:32.580-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Qu'est-ce qu'un architecte organisationnel (2)?</title><content type='html'>Pour Sauer et Willcoks (2002), l'architecte organisationnel est la personne qui travaille à la fois avec les stratèges et les spécialistes en technologie de l'information pour identifier et faire croitre les capacités organisationnelles nécessaires a l'inscription d'une vision d'affaires dans une plateforme technologique.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1J2xTmSfRa8/TlxOwWiUVUI/AAAAAAAABdo/4bFTJpiKxO8/s1600/history.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="119" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1J2xTmSfRa8/TlxOwWiUVUI/AAAAAAAABdo/4bFTJpiKxO8/s320/history.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-1732536764573183004?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/1732536764573183004/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/08/quest-ce-quun-architecte_29.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/1732536764573183004'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/1732536764573183004'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/08/quest-ce-quun-architecte_29.html' title='Qu&apos;est-ce qu&apos;un architecte organisationnel (2)?'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1J2xTmSfRa8/TlxOwWiUVUI/AAAAAAAABdo/4bFTJpiKxO8/s72-c/history.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-7908636882054731088</id><published>2011-08-26T06:23:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-09-15T18:33:18.745-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Voir petite bibliographique sur blog concurrent!</title><content type='html'>Biblio... http://organisationarchitecture.blogspot.com/2005/11/une-petite-bibliographie-commente.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pensée du jour: À l’époque de Taylor et de la production à la chaîne, la&lt;br /&gt;conception physique du travail représentait l’essentiel&lt;br /&gt;d’une architecture organisationnelle. Aujourd’hui, dans&lt;br /&gt;les organisations apprenantes, la source de la création de&lt;br /&gt;valeur réside dans des choses qui ne peuvent être explicitement&lt;br /&gt;conçues et formulées, comme les idées, le potentiel&lt;br /&gt;d’un produit ou d’un service ou encore la trajectoire&lt;br /&gt;d’une organisation qui se transforme. Il y a d’ailleurs un&lt;br /&gt;débat, dans l’enseignement en gestion, entre la recherche&lt;br /&gt;technique de la certitude qui est mieux adaptée à la gestion&lt;br /&gt;traditionnelle et le développement de la créativité, de&lt;br /&gt;l’innovation et des connaissances tacites des employés à&lt;br /&gt;travers un apprentissage continu, favorable à&lt;br /&gt;l’innovation. Il en va ainsi de l’enseignement des concepts&lt;br /&gt;d’architecture d’entreprise : faut-il suivre la tradition&lt;br /&gt;nord-américaine établie par Zachman (1987) et descendre,&lt;br /&gt;à partir de quelques objectifs, des prescriptions&lt;br /&gt;architecturales pour les systèmes d’information? Ou fautil&lt;br /&gt;sortir du cadre de Zachman, et, observant que&lt;br /&gt;l’organisation d’aujourd'hui se construit de plus en plus&lt;br /&gt;autour des personnes, de l’apprentissage, de&lt;br /&gt;l’information, des processus, et de la culture, considérer&lt;br /&gt;qu’une architecture organisationnelle efficace puisse&lt;br /&gt;émerger des patrons de comportement?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-7908636882054731088?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/7908636882054731088/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/08/voir-petite-bibliographique-sur-blog.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/7908636882054731088'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/7908636882054731088'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/08/voir-petite-bibliographique-sur-blog.html' title='Voir petite bibliographique sur blog concurrent!'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7682428892687029351.post-7253950240923072767</id><published>2011-08-23T17:46:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-25T05:24:16.063-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Qu'est-ce qu'un architecte organisationnel?</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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&lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;"&gt;L’irruption des aptitudes générées par la connaissance et l’apprentissage dans l’économie naissante des années 1990-2000 comme les possibilités de la révolution de l'information viennent défier la logique traditionnelle des affaires. Soudain, le débat entre stratégie et structure n’est plus au centre des réflexions des équipes dirigeantes.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Les dirigeants comprennent que si les organisations peuvent démontrer certaines caractéristiques comme l’agilité, la qualité, la vitesse d’exécution etc., ces caractéristiques sont &lt;i&gt;émergentes&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"&gt;.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;lles sont issues d’un &lt;i&gt;pattern, &lt;/i&gt;d’un patron d’arrangements et d’alignements entre des domaines organisationnels tels que l’information, les processus, la culture, les personnes et l’apprentissage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;"&gt;. Pour ces dirigeants, une nouvelle compétence est exigée&amp;nbsp;: la pratique de l’architecture qui consiste à démonter une organisation en ses composantes fondamentales afin d’en comprendre les qualités émergentes.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Et cette architecture exige une compréhension de l’informel, ou de l’invisible&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;"&gt;. En effet, ce qui procure un avantage concurrentiel durable aux différentes entreprises sont leurs &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;contrats imprécis&lt;/i&gt; ou ententes, alignements et arrangements peu formalisés. Ces contrats représentent la manière d’interagir des employés, l’émergence de la stratégie - contrairement à sa formulation - les alliances et les réseaux qui se développent, la façon dont les gens, les groupes et les organisations apprennent, les sources de motivation des employés, etc. Tous ces éléments ont des propriétés émergentes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Ainsi la conception&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;"&gt; et la &lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;modélisation de architecture organisationnelle&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;"&gt;, ses dérivés plus spécialisés (l’architecture d’entreprise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;"&gt;, l’architecture de l’information, l’architecture agile&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;"&gt;, l’architecture orientée services&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;"&gt;, etc.) et ses mécanismes essentiels de réalisation – comme la règle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;"&gt;, le contrat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;"&gt;, et l’événement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt;"&gt; - est devenue l’un des sujets les plus populaires des publications traitant de la gestion d'entreprise et des systèmes et de la technologie de l’information.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;L’architecture organisationnelle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt; permet de repenser radicalement le fonctionnement de l’organisation et de ses processus d’affaires pour réaliser des améliorations durables de la performance organisationnelle.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Aujourd’hui les entreprises et le secteur public expérimentent une grande variété de formes stratégiques d'organisation. La dissolution des hiérarchies et l’architecture en réseau conduisent à l’organisation sans frontière. Le rôle fondamental de l’information change la dynamique du marché et de la concurrence, reposant sans cesse la question de Coase (1937)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;: pourquoi des entreprises? Dans les organisations, le fonctionnement en groupe et par projet modifie les comportements grâce à l’information et à la communication médiatisées par les technologies de l’information&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"&gt;&lt;br clear="all" /&gt;  &lt;hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /&gt;    &lt;div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"&gt;Morabito, Joseph Ira Sack et Anilkumar Bhate&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;(1999). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"&gt;Organization Modeling. Innovative architectures for the 21&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Century&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"&gt;, Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice-Hall.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"&gt; Itami et Roehl, T. (1987). &lt;u&gt;Mobilizing Invisible Assets&lt;/u&gt;. Harvard  University Press.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;"&gt; Nadler, D.A. et al. (1992). &lt;u&gt;Organizational Architecture. Designs for Changing Organizations&lt;/u&gt;. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass. · Nadler, D.A. et Tushman, M.L. (1997). &lt;u&gt;Competing by Design. The Power of Organizational Architecture &lt;/u&gt;. New York: Oxford University Press. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"&gt;Morabito et al. (1999). &lt;u&gt;Op. cit.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"&gt;[5]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"&gt; McGovern, J. et al. (2004). &lt;u&gt;A Practical Guide to Enterprise Architecture&lt;/u&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;Upper Saddle River (NJ) : Prentice-Hall.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"&gt;[6]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Pal, N. et Pantaleo, D.C. (2005). &lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"&gt;The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.albertlejeune.com/formation/mod/glossary/view.php?g=74&amp;amp;mode=cat&amp;amp;hook=1" title="Glossaire des architectures: Catégorie Agile Enterprise"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"&gt;Agile Enterprise&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"&gt;. New York, Springer Science.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"&gt;[7]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"&gt; Krafzig, D. Banke, K. et Dirk Slama (2005). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.albertlejeune.com/formation/mod/glossary/view.php?g=74&amp;amp;mode=cat&amp;amp;hook=2" title="Glossaire des architectures: Catégorie Enterprise SOA"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"&gt;Enterprise SOA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"&gt;. Service-Oriented Architecture Best Practices &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"&gt;. Upper Saddle  River (NJ) : Prentice-Hall Professional Technical Reference.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"&gt;[8]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"&gt; March, J.G. Schulz, M. et Xueguang Zhou (2000). &lt;u&gt;The Dynamics of Rules. Change in Written Organizational Codes&lt;/u&gt;. Stanford (CAL): Stanford University Press.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"&gt;[9]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"&gt; Kay, J. (1995). &lt;u&gt;Why Firms Succeed? Choosing Markets and Challenging Competitors to Add Value&lt;/u&gt;. New York (NY): Oxford  University Press.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"&gt;[10]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"&gt; Luckham, D. (2002). &lt;u&gt;The Power of Events. An Introduction to Complex event Processing in Distributed Enterprise Systems&lt;/u&gt;. Montréal (QC): Addison-Wesley.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;"&gt;  &lt;div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7682428892687029351&amp;amp;postID=7253950240923072767&amp;amp;from=pencil#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-ansi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"&gt;[11]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-CA" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"&gt; Coase, Ronald (1937). The Nature of the Firm, 4 &lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"&gt;Economica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt; (n.s.) 386.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7682428892687029351-7253950240923072767?l=alejeune49.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/feeds/7253950240923072767/comments/default' title='Publier les commentaires'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/08/quest-ce-quun-architecte.html#comment-form' title='0 commentaires'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/7253950240923072767'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7682428892687029351/posts/default/7253950240923072767'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://alejeune49.blogspot.com/2011/08/quest-ce-quun-architecte.html' title='Qu&apos;est-ce qu&apos;un architecte organisationnel?'/><author><name>Albert Lejeune</name><uri>https://profiles.google.com/113090415135600622045</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-rWupCNJlEeY/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAABkY/9Ih4m1kxJ_Q/s512-c/photo.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
